Showing posts with label english. Show all posts
Showing posts with label english. Show all posts

2014/02/09

Brief History of Graphics Devices

Another year has come. It's already February, and I haven't made any New Year's resolution. Actually, my last post was my New Year's thought for 2013, made in late January.
Over the holidays, I was tinkering over the question of what drives the evolution of computer architecture. There are innovations occurring in various areas, but some technology turns into mainstream, some do not stick. I spent some time doing random searches on the web, and decided I should organize my understanding.
Here's my slide on slideshare. I went through a very coarse sampling of some devices. Looked into their architecture and specs, but I tried hard not get caught in the details, as I wanted to show the big picture.
All information was collected from Googling and Wikipedia. Images are from Wikipedia otherwise noted.

2013/01/20

Computers of 2020, 2030

It's been a while since I last blogged. I had relocated for a new job in 2009, and got over a major milestone late last year. January is already halfway through, so it seems too late for a new year's resolution. I thought about how things will be one year out, but realized a year is kind of a short span to make any prediction. So this weekend, I spent some time having a thought experiment for a longer span.
Computer technology and its place in peoples life continued to change the first decade of 21st century, I thought about what computer's will be like in 2020 and 2030. Not exactly how it will look like, more of how it will be built. Although computers are defined increasingly by components other than the semiconductor chips, they still are the center. I have looked at common knowledge, and applied simple rules to project where the technology will be, and how that will define the system design.
Rather than writing a lengthy essay, I made a slide, "Computers of 2020 and 2030"..

I conveniently ignored all the details of HOW Moore's law is maintained. Process technology people continue to work hard, and Moore's law is just an outcome of that. I just assumed it continues. This is just a wild thought experiment only backed by very rough assumptions. Will see how things will go the next 7 years...

2010/04/01

Will iPad revolutionize end user computing?

Honestly speaking, I am not a big Apple fan. But in the past two years, all of my computers, including iPhone, has become Apple products. I am not unconditionally praising them, but if you are looking for a computer, unless you are really into building one yourself, or just after lower price tag, Apple offers a very reasonable option for quality, usability and a good feeling of owning one.

If you look back computer history, there was the big hit of Apple II, and Macintosh delivering window and mouse based GUI to the mass. Apple has been a key player at these turning points. There were bad times while Jobs was away, but Jobs has returned after his tough days, with his skills perfected in introducing innovative products at exactly the right time. MP3 players were already around when iPod was introduced. iPhone was not the first smartphone. But since there introduction, they have completely changed what their market segment means, forever. Not only was it the balance of timing of introduction, price, and feature, but the continuous flow of successor products replacing them at exactly the right time.

Looking back at Mac, you can realize its only a custom spec specialty PC, regardless of the number of little innovations it embodies. There were weird looking iMac and G4 Cube, etc which didn't quite live up to expectations. And MacOS has gone through many not so well received revisions until it became OS X. But apart from that, after a successful architecture switch to x86, while embracing many industry standard technology, Apple has successfully differentiated itself and became an industry top player. It has built a strong position in a commodity market that is the PC. I feel Jobs has really learned to be patient and tough.

And now comes iPad. Direct touch operated computers are pretty popular in so called "virtical" market for business use. The "iPad" trade mark itself was acquired recently from Fujitsu who was marketing that kind of a device under the name. Archrival Microsoft has been shipping TabletPC for several years. But still, I really think iPad must be the line of product with the biggest ambition to revolutionize the world of computing that Apple has ever shipped. Its not juts a big iPhone. Not a keyboard-less tablet shaped netbook. People often compare it with Kindle which falls into a completely different category. I think Jobs is intending to change the user interface of computers forever. He has started the multi touch direct operation interface on iPhone. This is a reasonable design choice for smartphones, which have a strong form factor constraint. He has polished the interface on it, and got users trained to use it. Now, isn't he trying to change the interface of "PC" all together?

Ever since the time of punch card has past, computers always came with keyboards. It used to come with type printers instead of video monitors. The monitor has gotten graphical, and mouse was added for graphical operation. Apple was in the forefront of pushing it to the ordinary people. But think about it. You don't need ergonomic expert to realize that this is such an awkward interface. Keyboards are designed to be operated with two hands. You add mouse to it, you need three to operate them at the same time. What really happens is people are simply switching between keyboard and mouse. These are two separate set of interfaces. But still, it is very difficult to escape the curse of the keyboard. Especially in the west, so many people are trained to use it, especially those computer engineers. Why would engineers who are in love with the keyboard ever design a computer without it. Both Macintosh and Windows have this unnatural crippled interface, but those who design them are the ones who are in love with it. There is no reason for them to change it.

And here comes Jobs. True, keyboard is one of the most efficient way to input alphabetical text once you are trained. But typing text is not the only computer operation. The physical separation of the keyboard and the monitor forces the user to deal with two independent interfaces. I would say changing this is a revolution to the contemporary computer culture. I am thinking Jobs has a strong enthusiasm in making this happen. But he learned patience. He takes steps in laying out his cards to move his strategy forward. He started with iPhone. iPad is a little progress now that office productivity tool, iWorks, runs on it. This should grab some number of people. Creative tools should grab the minds of artists when they arrive. They are already in love with Cintiq anyway. And long time later, not sure how long. XCode will start running in multitouch in the end. I have no idea whether its going to be a tablet, or a Mac with a monstrous touch screen. But one day, software engineers at Apple will ditch the keyboard, and will be programming through the multitouch direct operation interface. There are many technical issues to be resolved. Human habit is very hard to break. But still, the first step of the break through that will bring the new time for computer user interface, that is what I belive iPad is supposed to be.

2008/11/15

How much English will you need?

JTPAのシリコンバレーカンファレンスの募集が始まった。ベイエリアで働いてみたいと思う人にとって、どのくらいの英語力が必要なのか、というのはとても気になるところだと思う。ちょうどumedamochioブログのエントリ 水村美苗「日本語が亡びるとき」は、すべての日本人がいま読むべき本だと思う。 からはじまって、この本と日本語・英語に関するブログが盛り上がっていたが、kennブログ 英語の世紀に生きる苦悩 がカンファレンスの紹介でうまく締めてくれた。
kennが書いているように仕事に必要な英語力というのは何とかなるものである。というか、何とかできる範囲までがその人の仕事の実力なのである。何とかできる範囲で仕事が勤まらないのならクビになる恐れだってある。仕事上の英語でのコミュニケーション能力の要求レベルはもちろん職種による。多分、弁護士とかコミュニケーションが仕事上の重要な比重を占める職業では言い訳は効かない。ただ、弁護士の仕事だってまちまちだろう。英語力に自信がなくても日本語もできることを武器にしたり、自分の能力に合った仕事上のニッチを見つけられれば、仕事は勤まるし、やっていけるものだ。職業間で相対的にいえばエンジニアに要求される英語能力のハードルはそんなに高くない。コンピュータ用語の多くはだいたいすでに外来語だし、IT系の職場は非ネイティブなエンジニアで溢れている。ただアメリカの職場では引きこもりはいないのと一緒だ。技術上の判断についてディスカッションするときなど、拙くても引いてはいけない局面はいっぱいある。そういうときに常に引いているようではキャリアに前進はあり得ないだろう。技術スキルと同じくコミュニケーションスキルも生涯磨き続けなくてはいけないものだ。別に日本で日本語を使って仕事をしていてもそれは変わらない。仕事上のコミュニケーションスキルというのはいかに適切に仕事上必要な情報をやり取りできるかであって、これは仕事でのコミュニケーションの要求が高まるほどにどの言語であっても意識してスキルアップが必要なものだ。気取った会話ができるかどうかという事ではないのだ。
僕は子供の頃3年ほどアメリカで過ごした、いわゆる「帰国子女」だ。英語力に関しては日本でずっと英語を学んできた人とはスタートラインはずいぶん違うとは思う。10年間アメリカでやってきて、もう日々の仕事上の英語にはほとんど不自由しない。でも仕事でも正直つらい部分もある。特許の書類にはかなりわかりにくい英語が使われてたりする。読みこなすのは結構しんどい。あとは学術論文関係も数学などの高等教育の基礎を英語で叩き込んでいない身には結構しんどいものだ。「二次」は"Quadratic"とかって、辞書引き引きでは時間がかかって仕方がない。こういうのは量をこなしてレベルアップして克服して行くしかない。
ただアメリカで生活して行くって言う事は仕事だけじゃなくある程度の生活を英語で生きて行く、ということだ。kennが言っているようにパーティーなどでの会話では話題が途切れ途切れで表現も仕事では聞かないカジュアルなものが飛び交い、言葉は100%聞き取れていても何の話をしているのかすら分からない、という事は確かにある。まぁ、僕はkennみたいに若いweb起業家の集まるスノッブなパーティーには縁はないのだが。こういうつかみ所のないカジュアルな会話に入って行けるかは純粋に文字通りの「英語」が理解できるかだけでなく、その背後の「文化」を理解しているかどうかだ。「理解」というより、どれだけ「身につけ」ているかだ。
確かに「文化」の境界線の一つとして「言語」は非常に大きいものだが、同じ言語の中でも「文化」は多様だ。そして「文化」は勉強して理解できる部分もあるが、感覚的な部分も含めて多くは自分の人生経験や生活体験に根ざすものだ。僕の職場に去年アメリカに来たばかりのイギリス人がいる。イギリス人なのでもちろん英語はネイティブな訳だがたまに使ってしまう英国風な物言いがアメリカで通じない事に軽いカルチャー・ショックを覚えるそうだ。これはまさに英語圏の中の文化の境界の実例だ。もちろん言語は文化のコンテキスト抜きで存在できない。仕事で使う実用英語のコミュニケーションだって、例えばITテクノロジー・ビジネスの文化的コンテクストの中にあるのだ。ただその文化が多言語にまたがっている部分があるために日本語でそれに接している人間には比較的寄り付きやすいだけに過ぎない。
極論すれば、おじさんが女子高生の会話について行けないのと大差ないのだ。会話の内容が高尚か低俗かなどはあまり関係ない。問題は自分が会話の輪に入れていない事をどれだけ苦痛に感じるか、そしてそれにどう対処して行くのか、だと思う。dankodaiブログは 英語の世紀で日本語を話せるよろこび で会話をクロスカルチャラルなものに持ち込む事を提案している。正直僕もこういう会話は楽しいし、実際ベイエリアのテクノロジー業界はマルチカルチャーの人材で溢れており、こういう会話が弾むことは多々ある。それでもだ、所詮アメリカは巨大モノカルチャーであり、それに属している人たちはクロスカルチャラルな会話に逆に居心地の悪さを感じるのだと思う。そしてアメリカのモノカルチャーに閉じてしまった会話が行われているときに、その文化に属さない人間がそこに溶け込むのにはイバラの道だと思う。いくらアメリカ文化に精通しても日本人に生まれてしまった以上、アメリカ育ちのアメリカ人になる事はできないのだから。でもその会話の輪に入る事にそれだけの価値があるなら、そのレベルまで単純な英語力だけでなく、文化を身に染み付かせないといけない。正直僕はそこまでアメリカ文化に迎合する必要を感じない。そうしなくても仕事を通して自己実現できる事自体がアメリカの良さだと信じているから。
仕事で通じるコミュニケーション能力は磨き続ける必要があるだろう。カジュアルにアメリカ人を気取れるように英語を磨くのは、努力としては共通する部分もあると思うが、基本的に違う目標だと思う。後者は前者ができてから悩めば良いと思う。